{"id":3689,"date":"2021-04-21T19:22:59","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T19:22:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/uncategorized\/7-2-i-ragdaia-proeleusi-tou-romel-anaxaitizetai\/"},"modified":"2021-05-24T10:07:06","modified_gmt":"2021-05-24T10:07:06","slug":"7-2-i-ragdaia-proeleusi-tou-romel-anaxaitizetai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/en\/the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945\/7-2-i-ragdaia-proeleusi-tou-romel-anaxaitizetai\/","title":{"rendered":"7.2 The rapid advance of Rommel is held in check and the air forces of Malta are reinforced"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cAs we have previously exposed, one of the serious problems of the Italian Navy was the issue of fuel availability, because the Germans didn\u2019t keep-up the promises they had given for frequent supply.\u00a0\u00a0According to the Italians, this essential shortage didn\u2019t allow them to take full advantage of the naval superiority of weaponry they disposed since the beginning of 1942.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0At the end of April, the fuel supplies of the Navy on land had been depleted and Fleet movements depended only on the fuel onboard the ships.<\/p>\n

In the summer of 1942, when the Axis armies were marching towards the\u00a0Suez Canal\u00a0and an Italian Fleet intervention in\u00a0Eastern Mediterranean\u00a0would have been vital, the convoy ships heading to\u00a0Libya\u00a0were refuelling from the fuel tanks of the battleships and cruisers that were thus condemned to inactivity.\u00a0\u00a0It was for that reason essentially that in mid-June, after the battle, the battleships stopped participating in war missions and later the small ships were placed in reserve.<\/p>\n

At\u00a0<\/strong>the\u00a0<\/strong>end\u00a0of December 1942 the Italian war Fleet disposed only 2 large battleships, the\u00a0<\/strong>RN<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>LITTORIO<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/strong>RN<\/strong>\u00a0VITTORIO<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>VENETO,<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>increased to 3\u00a0<\/strong>after May 1943 with the addition of a same type battleship, the\u00a0<\/strong>RN<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>ROMA.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0From the fuel sufficiency point of view, the situation relatively improved in the second quarter of 1943, when around 200.000 tons of fuel was delivered.\u00a0\u00a0It was however very late as the war in\u00a0North Africa\u00a0was coming to its end.<\/p>\n

When the German Air force was recalled form\u00a0Sicily\u00a0and the\u00a0Malta\u00a0operation was postponed, because of the imminent attack of Rommel, it had been agreed with the Italians that in any case the German advance would not proceed further than\u00a0Solum<\/strong>, in order for the airplanes to be assigned to the seizure of the island.\u00a0\u00a0However, although the British line of resistance broke on June 18, on June 21 Tobruk was seized and on June 23 the Axis armies reached Solum, Rommel refused to apply what had been agreed.\u00a0\u00a0He refused to interrupt his winning advance and Hitler and later Mussolini agreed.\u00a0\u00a0He had covered at an amazing speed 200 kilometres of desert, but the supply lines had been dangerously elongated and he hoped that that his armies would be able to re-supply from the supplies abandoned by the British.<\/p>\n

Until that moment events justified Rommel\u2019 insistence and he assumed that after he re-supplied he could reach very fast the\u00a0Suez Canal.\u00a0\u00a0It was then that the Fleet of Alexandria started to withdraw towards the\u00a0Red Sea, leaving the\u00a0Central Mediterranean\u00a0area free to the Italian Navy.<\/p>\n

Fro that point-on developments are well known.\u00a0\u00a0The Axis advance couldn\u2019t continue and with the passing of time the situation worsened for him.\u00a0\u00a0The main re-supply port was\u00a0Benghazi\u00a0and from there supplies had to be transported to the Army positions at a distance of about 1,000 kilometres, mainly through desert roads.\u00a0\u00a0Advanced re-supply bases from sea were installed in Tobruk \u2013 the port of which was almost totally destroyed- and at the Marsa-Matruk anchorage, which was receiving continuous air attacks.<\/p>\n

Re-supply by sea would have been largely facilitated if, instead of the usual transport route from\u00a0Italy\u00a0towards\u00a0Libya, the\u00a0Aegean Sea\u00a0route was used. To that end, there was need for the main Italian naval forces to move to mainland\u00a0Greece\u00a0and to\u00a0Crete\u00a0and for the appropriate bases to be installed for the control of\u00a0East Mediterranean.\u00a0\u00a0However, this move was meaningless since the ships were condemned to immobilisation for lack of fuel.<\/p>\n

It is frequently maintained that Rommel\u2019s advance was held in check in July 1942, mainly because of supply shortages and especially fuel, as a result of very important losses during their sea transport. This is only partly true.\u00a0\u00a0In June around 35,000 tons of supplies and some 7,000 tons of fuel were loaded in\u00a0Italy\u00a0for\u00a0Libya. The corresponding losses due to air attacks from\u00a0Malta\u00a0reached 23% and 18% respectively.<\/p>\n

Besides, Rommel himself attributes the suspension of his advance to the following reasons: 1) delayed attack due to land minefields, 2) failure to surprise, 3) enemy air superiority and 4) fuel shortage.\u00a0\u00a0It seems that when supplies reached\u00a0Libya\u2019s ports, their land transport to the front was delayed.<\/p>\n

The German\u00a0Admiral Weichold<\/strong>\u00a0reported on the subject that if the supplies reaching the front were insufficient, this was mainly due to an unavailability of transport means of the Africa Korps.<\/p>\n

During that period when land operations in\u00a0Libya\u00a0were developing so adversely for the British, the later didn\u2019t stop continuously reinforcing\u00a0Malta\u2019s Air forces.\u00a0\u00a0Between June and August 1942, 6 airplane carriers and around 200 fighters were sent to the island.\u00a0\u00a0The Allies already disposed torpedo planes with action range of about 400 miles and the American\u00a0Liberator<\/strong>\u00a0bombers could cover the whole\u00a0Mediterranean.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The activity of the British Navy against enemy transports having significantly been reduced, because of the reduction to a minimum of the Alexandria Fleet and the movement of the submarines base \u2013 first to Alexandria and then to Haifa -, the maximum of available air forces was assigned to cover the Mediterranean.<\/p>\n

It is estimated that during September 1942, the percentage of Italian convoys air attacked had increased eightfold compared to June.\u00a0\u00a0Each convoy was sometimes attacked up to ten times during its trip, frequently in combined attacks by torpedo planes, bombers and even fighters that were machine gunning against the decks of the escorts.<\/p>\n

Later, when the base of the British submarines was re-established on\u00a0Malta\u00a0and their activity became more intensive with the development of new methods of night attacks in cooperation with reconnaissance planes, the danger from them became important again.<\/p>\n

In spite of these conditions, during the month of July 1942, the Italians succeeded to transport to\u00a0Libya\u00a0more than 90,000 tons of supplies with losses of only 6%.\u00a0\u00a0These quantities were sufficient compared to those considered necessary for the land operations of the Axis.\u00a0\u00a0If that month there was shortage of ammunitions and fuel at the front, this was mainly due to land transport problems from the rear.\u00a0\u00a0However, from the following month sea losses of supplies transported from\u00a0Italy\u00a0significantly increased and the re-supply of the Axis armies was becoming more and more difficult, while on the other hand plenty of reinforcements of the 8th<\/sup>\u00a0British Army was arriving through the\u00a0Suez Canal.<\/p>\n

Since Rommel was nailed in El-Alamein, the mater was lost for the Axis. Eventually, there would still be some chances left if retreat to more fortified positions was ordered in time and their Mediterranean air forces were reinforced.\u00a0\u00a0The Supreme German Command however, didn\u2019t order either. The air forces weren\u2019t reinforced and retreat wasn\u2019t decided for psychological reasons.\u00a0\u00a0The Italians requested at least the assignment of a sufficient number of fighters for the air protection of the convoys. But Hitler response was that there was no need for that, because in any case the Germans would soon reach the\u00a0Suez Canal\u00a0through\u00a0Caucasus\u00a0and the\u00a0Palestine.<\/p>\n

After the reinforcement of the\u00a0Malta\u00a0air forces, bombings of the Italian Fleet bases in\u00a0Messina\u00a0and\u00a0Sardinia\u00a0became so intensive that they were forced to withdraw the large ships from there and send them to\u00a0Taranto\u00a0and\u00a0Naples.\u00a0\u00a0In addition, from July 1942, they installed a cruiser squadron in Navarino to react from there to any attempt by enemy naval forces against the\u00a0Libya\u00a0supply routes. However, the British didn\u2019t dispose that time sufficient forces to undertake such operation.\u00a0\u00a0Of course, they couldn\u2019t have guessed that at some point of time the cruisers at Navarino were unable to undertake any attack operation, because their fuel reserves were exhausted.\u00a0\u00a0The squadron remained in Navarino, receiving continuous air attacks, until the collapse of the El-Alamein front in the beginning of November 1942.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3689","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945"],"yoast_head":"\n7.2 The rapid advance of Rommel is held in check and the air forces of Malta are reinforced - 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