{"id":3657,"date":"2021-04-21T18:49:07","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T18:49:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/uncategorized\/5-4-anefodiasmos-tis-maltas-disxairenetai-meros-a\/"},"modified":"2021-05-24T09:46:22","modified_gmt":"2021-05-24T09:46:22","slug":"5-4-anefodiasmos-tis-maltas-disxairenetai-meros-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/en\/the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945\/5-4-anefodiasmos-tis-maltas-disxairenetai-meros-a\/","title":{"rendered":"5.4 The supply of Libya becomes more difficult and Italians suffer consecutive disasters – Part I"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cIn the course of the second half of 1941, the situation in\u00a0Eastern Mediterranean\u00a0started improving significantly for the British.\u00a0\u00a0Their air forces were reinforced and the withdrawal of most of the German airplanes from\u00a0Sicily, initially sent to\u00a0Greece\u00a0and later to the Russian front, became very noticeable.<\/p>\n

In October, following pressing requests of the Commander in Chief of the\u00a0Mediterranean, several naval cooperation aircrafts joined the Fleet and started offering precious services, as soon as they arrived to\u00a0Alexandria.<\/p>\n

In that same month, because submarines and airplanes operating out of\u00a0Malta\u00a0weren\u2019t sufficient to disrupt Italian transports towards\u00a0Libya, the British dispatched from\u00a0England\u00a0to\u00a0Malta\u00a0the cruisers\u00a0HMS<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>AURORA<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0HMS<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>PENELOPE\u00a0<\/strong>and 2 destroyers that formed force \u201cK\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0The use of the base was thus becoming possible because, on one hand, during the last months antiaircraft defense had been significantly reinforced with fighters and with the reduction of German air forces in the\u00a0Mediterranean, on the other, air attacks against the\u00a0Island\u00a0became less intensive.<\/p>\n

The reinforcement of\u00a0Malta\u2019s air and naval forces significantly obstructed the Italian Navy operations.\u00a0\u00a0The new type of British reconnaissance planes was equipped with radar and at night they could cooperate with night torpedo planes, as surface ships were lighting the target.\u00a0\u00a0This allowed applying new methods of attack, against which the Italian ships couldn\u2019t defend themselves effectively.\u00a0\u00a0As soon as the German Air force left, the Axis stopped having firepower superiority in the air over Sicily Straits and their air reconnaissance became much more difficult.\u00a0\u00a0While before, at least once a day they were executing air reconnaissance over\u00a0Malta, reconnaissance planes were now being shot down well before reaching the\u00a0Island.<\/p>\n

Missing exact information on enemy naval forces movements, Italians were obliged to always escort convoys with cruiser squadrons, in order to avoid surprise attacks.\u00a0\u00a0During one such mission on July 28, the cruiser\u00a0RN<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>GARIBALDI\u00a0<\/strong>was torpedoed by a submarine and placed out of service for 4 months.<\/p>\n

Since the British were now applying a system of simultaneous attack from high and low altitude, disposal of a large number of fighters was needed for the air protection of convoys, while Italians disposed a limited number and no night fighters.\u00a0\u00a0In addition, the operation radius of Italian fighters was also limited and therefore for the air coverage of convoys heading to\u00a0Libya\u00a0during daylight with just 2 fighters, 56 fighters in total operating in couples were needed.<\/p>\n

The reinforcement of the\u00a0Malta\u00a0air forces allowed the execution of intensive bombings of Italian ports, while\u00a0Tripoli\u00a0and\u00a0Benghazi\u00a0were bombed on a daily basis.<\/p>\n

The shortcomings of air cooperation and fuel shortages obliged the Italian Navy to abandon any idea of attack operations and concentrate in defense operations in the second half of 1941.\u00a0\u00a0Various measures were taken in an attempt to insure the supply of\u00a0Libya. Thus, in spite of the important lengthening of the voyages and the increased fuel consumption, convoys followed routes in\u00a0Central Mediterranean, situated as far away from\u00a0Malta\u00a0as possible.\u00a0\u00a0They were disposing more escorts, even Fleet destroyers and were reinforcing the antiaircraft guns of the ships and their escorts.\u00a0\u00a0In addition they were dispatching unescorted small cargo ships that only sailed at night and had to remain in ports during the day.<\/p>\n

To transport some special supplies, in areas close to the land front in\u00a0Libya, they were using some small but very fast ships and submarines, from which 2 were lost and 1 suffered serious damages in executing such a mission.\u00a0\u00a0As the British had done during the operations in\u00a0Greece, for the transport troops they were using destroyers sailing only at night and at high speed.<\/p>\n

Italians also applied the system of simultaneous dispatch of 2 convoys, one important and one of lesser importance, in parallel routes in order to mislead the enemy. The less important would sail between the important and\u00a0Malta.\u00a0\u00a0In several cases an attack took lace against the less important, while the other sailed unobstructed.<\/p>\n

In spite of all these measures, Italian transports became much more difficult after July 1941 and losses were very important.\u00a0\u00a0While in June 125,000 tons were transported, in July only half of that quantity was moved, with 41% losses for fuel and 12% for other supplies.\u00a0\u00a0In August, about 47,000 tons of supplies were transported with 20% losses and about 37,000 tons of fuel with losses of only 1%.\u00a0\u00a0In September, on 54,000 tons of supplies and 13,500 tons of fuel transported, losses reached 29% for supplies and 24% for fuel.\u00a0\u00a0In October, on 62,000 tons of supplies and 12,000 tons of fuel transported, losses were 20% and 21% respectively.\u00a0\u00a0In November finally, losses reached 62%, and 30,000 tons of supplies were only transported, of which 2,500 tons of fuel.<\/p>\n

The installation of force \u201cK\u201d in\u00a0Malta\u00a0increased the Italian transport difficulties. As soon as \u201cK\u201d force arrived, she had an important success.\u00a0\u00a0On\u00a0November 7, 1941, 2 Italian convoys were sailing towards\u00a0Libya, one from\u00a0Brindisi\u00a0to\u00a0Benghazi\u00a0and the other from\u00a0Naples\u00a0to\u00a0Tripoli.<\/p>\n

The first was discovered by British reconnaissance in the morning of November 9 and was repeatedly attacked by the Air force.\u00a0\u00a0The second, the most important, comprised 7 cargo ships escorted by 6 destroyers under coverage of a force of 2 heavy cruisers and 4 destroyers. This last one was detected by the enemy reconnaissance on the evening of November 8 and suffered a surprise attack by force \u201cK\u201d, while sailing about 135 miles east of\u00a0Syracuse.\u00a0\u00a0The British force had been lead by night reconnaissance planes and when she approached the convoy the radars detected the Italian ships and started firing, without being detected.<\/p>\n

As soon as the British opened fire, the 3 Italian escort destroyers that were conveniently situated counterattacked and soon 2 of them were critically hit.\u00a0\u00a0The third, approached at a distance of 2,000 meters without damage but didn\u2019t launch it\u2019s torpedoes, because when it came upon 2 cruisers it thought that they were Italian but immediately received intensive enemy fire.<\/p>\n

As far as the 2 Italian cruisers are concerned, they were situated at a distance of about 5,000 meters from the convoy and were cruising towards the side of\u00a0Malta.\u00a0\u00a0When they realized the attack they rushed to intervene but in the meantime the british ships had disappeared, after having sunk all the cargo ships and 1 destroyer and having caused serious damages to the other 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The destruction was completed early in the morning with the sinking of one more destroyer by a British submarine, while it was busy with saving shipwrecked sailors.<\/p>\n

The result of this encounter was quite amazing because the Italians disposed superior fire power.\u00a0\u00a0Italians admit that and note that, except some cases of personal courage, the actions of the Italian ships were uncoordinated and in some cases wrong.\u00a0\u00a0They admit that confusion prevailed due to the surprise attack, the melee of the ships and the speed of enemy\u2019s maneuvering.\u00a0\u00a0For once more the supremacy of the British in night fighting was proved. Undoubtedly however, the technical perfections that Italians lacked \u2013 radars and night air reconnaissance \u2013 contributed significantly to that great British success.<\/p>\n

On\u00a0November 13, 1941\u00a0however, the British suffered an important setback.\u00a0\u00a0The \u201cH\u201d force aircraft carrier\u00a0HMS<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>ARK<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>ROYAL,\u00a0<\/strong>on his way back to\u00a0Gibraltar\u00a0and after its fighters had taken off for\u00a0Malta, was hit by a German submarine and sunk.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945"],"yoast_head":"\n5.4 The supply of Libya becomes more difficult and Italians suffer consecutive disasters - Part I - \u039d\u0391\u03a5\u0391\u03a1\u03a7\u039f\u03a3 \u0393\u03a1\u0397\u0393\u039f\u03a1\u0399\u039f\u03a3 \u039c\u0395\u0396\u0395\u0392\u0399\u03a1\u0397\u03a3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/en\/the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945\/5-4-anefodiasmos-tis-maltas-disxairenetai-meros-a\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"5.4 The supply of Libya becomes more difficult and Italians suffer consecutive disasters - 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