{"id":3653,"date":"2021-04-21T18:35:35","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T18:35:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/uncategorized\/5-3-epixeirisi-anefodiasmou-tis-maltas-septembrios-1941\/"},"modified":"2021-05-24T09:44:06","modified_gmt":"2021-05-24T09:44:06","slug":"5-3-epixeirisi-anefodiasmou-tis-maltas-septembrios-1941","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/en\/the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945\/5-3-epixeirisi-anefodiasmou-tis-maltas-septembrios-1941\/","title":{"rendered":"5.3 The Malta supply operation of September 1941"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1300px + 0px );margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:20px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:20px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:4vw;--awb-spacing-right-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 mezeviris-post-content\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMalta\u00a0was reinforced in September 1941 with fighter airplanes that were sent from aircraft carriers, from the West.\u00a0\u00a0Towards the end of the month the supply operation of the island from\u00a0Gibraltar\u00a0was repeated, with the coverage of force \u201cH\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0To mislead the enemy, the Fleet of Alexandria sailed again reinforced by the battleship\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>BARHAM<\/strong>\u00a0that had been repaired in the meantime.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The convoy consisted of 8 large cargo ships and the Navy\u2019s tanker\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>BRECONSHIRE<\/strong>. This time force \u201cH\u201d was very reinforced and consisted of the battleships\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>NELSON<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>RODNEY<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>PRINCE<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>OF<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>WALES\u00a0<\/strong>(the<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>later entering for the first time in the Mediterranean),\u00a0\u00a0the aircraft carrier\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ARK<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ROYAL,\u00a0<\/strong>5 cruisers and 18 destroyers.\u00a0\u00a0To mislead the Italian reconnaissance the ships had split into groups.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On September 26, the Italian Air force detected south of the\u00a0<strong>Valearides<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Islands<\/strong>\u00a0one of the above groups consisting of the\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>NELSON<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ARK<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ROYAL,\u00a0<\/strong>2 cruisers and about 12 destroyers.\u00a0\u00a0On the other hand, a French airplane spotted a British convoy off\u00a0Algeria\u2019s coast.\u00a0\u00a0The repairs of the Italian battleships that were damaged had been completed and thus a force consisting of the battleships\u00a0<strong>RN<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>LITTORIO<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>RN<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>VENETO<\/strong>, 4<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>cruisers and 9 destroyers was sent to meet the British group that had been detected.\u00a0\u00a0The 3 smaller battleships that were also in active duty and most of the cruisers were not sent for lack of fuel but also because the Italian force was believed to dispose superior firepower against the British, as they were not aware of the presence in the area of the remaining British battleships.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The orders given to the Italian force were to engage in battle only if they disposed clear firepower superiority and were situated inside an area that could be protected by fighter planes based in\u00a0Sardinia.\u00a0\u00a0An order was given in parallel to the Italian Air force to attack the British force before\u00a0noon\u00a0of September 27, when the Italian Fleet was expected to reach the battlefield.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, as it had also happened in other cases, the air cooperation of the Italians wasn\u2019t efficient.\u00a0\u00a0Until\u00a0noon\u00a0of September 27, air reconnaissance information was incomplete and air attacks didn\u2019t start before\u00a013:00.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Because of the lack of information and to avoid loosing the convoy, the Commander in Chief of the Italian Fleet\u00a0<strong>Admiral<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Iachino<\/strong>\u00a0sailed at\u00a012:30\u00a0towards the probable course of the enemy.\u00a0\u00a0Until\u00a014:30\u00a0no clear information was given concerning the movements and the formation of the enemy forces, the results of the air attacks were not known and the fighters that were expected hadn\u2019t showed up.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the meantime the British groups had merged and at around\u00a015:30\u00a0the Italians were getting the information that a British force that included 3 battleships was at a distance of 20 miles from the Italian force.\u00a0\u00a0At the same time from decrypting a radiogram it turned up that the aircrafts of the\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ARK<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ROYAL\u00a0<\/strong>had been sent to attack, while there was not yet air coverage of the Italian ships.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, following the instructions that had been given to him, Admiral Iachino continued the course that was leading him away from the enemy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Italian Air force created, however, one more confusion.\u00a0\u00a0At\u00a015:00\u00a0it was reported that the British force include only 1 battleship and that the airplanes had sunk 1 cruiser and caused damages to another 2 and possibly to the battleship.\u00a0\u00a0The Italian Admiral, after this information, changed immediately course and sailed south to take advantage of this excellent opportunity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As far as the British are concerned, their reconnaissance had not detected the Italian Fleet until\u00a013:30, when it was at a distance of 70miles from the British force and sailing south.\u00a0\u00a0It was just then that Italian torpedo planes attacked and hit with a torpedo the\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>NELSON,\u00a0<\/strong>the speed of which was thus reduced to 15 knots.\u00a0\u00a0<strong>Admiral Sommerville,<\/strong>\u00a0the Commander of the British force, ordered the\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>NELSON\u00a0<\/strong>to join the convoy that was sailing along the coast of\u00a0Tunisia\u00a0and with the rest of the force rushed to meet the Italian formation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At around\u00a015:00\u00a0he was informed that the Italian force had changed course and was sailing north. Next the British airplanes lost contact.\u00a0\u00a0Then, he took up a position of wait, between the Italian force and the convoy he was covering and at\u00a017:00, lacking of additional information, he also changed course and sailed south, just when the Italian Fleet was also taking up the same course.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, for several hours the two Fleets were ignoring the presence of each other and were following parallel courses with the distance between them remaining unchanged.\u00a0\u00a0At around\u00a018:00\u00a0the Supermarina ordered Admiral Iachino to proceed east of\u00a0Sardinia\u00a0and remain there till the following morning.\u00a0\u00a0At sun set the British force took course towards\u00a0Gibraltar, while the convoy escorted by 3 cruisers and around 10 destroyers continued its course towards its destination. As it was getting dark, Italian torpedo planes attacked and sunk one of the cargo ships. The remaining safely reached\u00a0Malta.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Italian Fleet remained off\u00a0Sardinia\u00a0until the evening of September 28 and then returned to its base. The force \u201cH\u201d in his way back to\u00a0Gibraltar\u00a0was attacked by 3 Italian submarines. The result was that one of them was sunk by the British.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of lack of sufficient air reconnaissance information, the two Fleets did not meet, but the British succeeded in their main endeavor.\u00a0\u00a08 out of 9 supply ships successfully reached\u00a0Malta\u00a0through that dangerous route.\u00a0\u00a0The attack force of the Italian Air force had some significant successes, but from every other aspect her cooperation with the Fleet was again unsuccessful.\u00a0\u00a0In addition, that operation had the unpleasant consequence for the Italian Navy that large quantity of fuel was consumed without any result, in a period when stocks were extremely limited.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this case, in spite of the very strong coverage of the convoy by the force \u201cH\u201d, if the Italians had sent all the available forces of their Fleet and if their Air force had acted as required, the Italians would have been able to enter in combat with quite favorable for them conditions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The British did not undertake any other important naval operation in the\u00a0Mediterranean\u00a0until the middle of March 1942.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - 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