{"id":3597,"date":"2021-04-21T17:51:55","date_gmt":"2021-04-21T17:51:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/uncategorized\/4-1-i-germaniki-aeroporia-sti-mesogeio\/"},"modified":"2021-05-24T09:04:14","modified_gmt":"2021-05-24T09:04:14","slug":"4-1-i-germaniki-aeroporia-sti-mesogeio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/en\/the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945\/4-1-i-germaniki-aeroporia-sti-mesogeio\/","title":{"rendered":"4.1 The German Air force of the Mediterranean"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1300px + 0px );margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:20px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:20px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:4vw;--awb-spacing-right-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 mezeviris-post-content\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u201cAs the re-supply of\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Libya<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0was getting more and more difficult, the Italians were very pre-occupied with the continuous reinforcement of\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Malta<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0that their naval and air forces could not constrain. Thus, Mussolini &#8211; in discomfort &#8211; was forced to ask by towards the end of December 1940 for the help of the German Air force.\u00a0\u00a0Hitler agreed and the 10<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0air Corps with 400 airplanes \u2013 single engine\u00a0<b>J.U. 87<\/b>, double engine\u00a0<b>J.U. 88<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0<b>Heinkel III<\/b>, fast and well armed\u00a0<b>Me 110<\/b>\u00a0and some reconnaissance planes- moved to Sicily.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2532 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-Junkers87n-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"134\" \/><strong>JUNKERS 87 &#8211; STUKA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/2-Junkers88-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"108\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>JUNKERS 88<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/3-ME110-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"104\" \/><br \/>\n<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>MESSERSCHMITT Me110<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/4-HeinkelIIIn-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Heinkel\u00a0III<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In theory, that Corps was placed under the orders of the\u00a0<strong>Superaereo,\u00a0<\/strong>the Supreme Command of the Italian Air force.\u00a0\u00a0In reality, the commander of this Corps acted according on his own initiative. The German Air force\u2019s mission was to cooperate with the Italian in attacks against\u00a0Malta\u00a0and to protect the transports to\u00a0Libya.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The importance of this serious reinforcement of the Italian forces was soon to appear.\u00a0\u00a0The German Air force attacks against Malta started on January 16,1941 and soon reached 70 to 80 missions per day. These attacks succeeded repeated hits against the British Fleet of the Mediterranean.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On January 7, 1941, the British Fleet left Alexandria with main objective to cover an important convoy that had crossed Gibraltar and had as destination Malta and Piraeus.\u00a0\u00a0This operation of the Fleet was combined with the covering of other convoys to and from Malta and to Suda.\u00a0\u00a0As usual, the Gibraltar force escorted the convoy till the Sicily Straits and exceptionally in this case 2 cruisers, the <strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>GLOUCESTER<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>HMS\u00a0<\/strong><strong>SOUTHAMPTON<\/strong>, and 2 destroyers were sent to protect it while crossing the straits and until it was placed under the protection of the main force of the Fleet of Alexandria.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2536 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-HMSGLOUCESTER-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"195\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-HMSGLOUCESTER-large-200x93.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-HMSGLOUCESTER-large-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-HMSGLOUCESTER-large-400x186.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-HMSGLOUCESTER-large.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><strong>HMS GLOUCESTER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2537 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/6-HMSSOUTHAMPTON-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/6-HMSSOUTHAMPTON-large-200x113.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/6-HMSSOUTHAMPTON-large-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/6-HMSSOUTHAMPTON-large-400x226.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/6-HMSSOUTHAMPTON-large.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><strong>HMS SOUTHAMPTON<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\">At dawn of\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">January 10,1941<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">, 2 British cruisers encountered off Pantelaria 2 Italian escort destroyers which, in spite of the superiority of the enemy force, executed a torpedo attack against the British.\u00a0\u00a0One succeeded to escape with light damages but the other was sunk.\u00a0\u00a0It is worthwhile noting that in order to bring that result one of the cruisers,\u00a0<\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">HMS<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">BONAVENTURE<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-US\">, used 75% of her ammunitions.<b>\u00a0\u00a0<\/b>Soon after this encounter\u00a0<b>HMS<\/b><\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">GALLANT,<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">a British destroyer, hit a mine that cut-off her prow; She was successfully towed to\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Malta<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0escorted by cruisers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2538 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/7-HMSBonaventure-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"302\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/7-HMSBonaventure-large-200x147.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/7-HMSBonaventure-large-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/7-HMSBonaventure-large-400x294.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/7-HMSBonaventure-large.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><strong>HMS GALLANT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2539 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/8-HMSGALLANT-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"114\" \/><strong>HMS BONAVENTURE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">Then, while a force of the Alexandria Fleet that included the battleships\u00a0<b>HMS<\/b><\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">WARSPITE<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">and\u00a0<\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">HMS<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">VALIANT<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">and the aircraft carrier <\/span><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">HMS<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">ILLUSTRIOUS<\/span><\/b><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> was sailing to meet the convoy, at about 12:30 hours, was unsuccessfully attacked by 2 Italian torpedo boats.\u00a0\u00a0Immediately after, 3 German Stuka squadrons appeared and mainly attacked the aircraft carrier, under the heavy antiaircraft fire of the British ships.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fighters were launched,\u00a0but they didn\u2019t succeed to gain enough altitude to be to much of a bother.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The British Fleet of the\u00a0Mediterranean\u00a0was facing for the first time this form of attack and, as\u00a0<strong>Admiral Cunningham<\/strong>\u00a0narrates, the excellent experience and the exactitude with which the attack was conducted was causing admiration.\u00a0\u00a0In 10 minutes\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ILLUSTRIOUS\u00a0<\/strong>had received 6 bombs and was suffering of important human losses and of very serious damages.\u00a0\u00a0A bomb also hit\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>WARSPITE,\u00a0<\/strong>but it didn\u2019t cause serious damage.\u00a0\u00a0The aircraft carrier at about\u00a015:30\u00a0hours succeeded to sail towards\u00a0Malta\u00a0at reduced speed, escorted by the battleships.\u00a0\u00a0However, an hour later the attack was repeated with 20 aircrafts but this time the fighters that where in the air shot down 6-7 Stukas and the Fleet had no other damage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next day the German air force succeeded more hits against the British Fleet.\u00a0\u00a0While the 2 cruisers that had escorted\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>GALLANT\u00a0<\/strong>were sailing to meet the main force of the Fleet, they were attacked by 12 dive bombers and both were hit.\u00a0\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>GLOUCESTER<\/strong>\u00a0suffered heavy damages but was able to continue her course,\u00a0but\u00a0<strong>HMS\u00a0<\/strong><strong>SOUTHAMPTON\u00a0<\/strong>had to be finally abandoned in flames and was sunk with a torpedo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the first heavy bombing of\u00a0Malta\u00a0on\u00a0January 16, 1941,\u00a0<strong>HMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>ILLUSTRIOUS\u00a0<\/strong>suffered again some damages.\u00a0\u00a0One cruiser and one cargo ship were also hit.\u00a0\u00a0New damages were inflicted on the aircraft carrier again during the bombings of the following days.\u00a0\u00a0With superhuman efforts she was roughly repaired and sailed at 24 knots towards\u00a0Alexandria, where she arrived on January 25.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2540 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/9-HMSILLUSTRIOUS-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/9-HMSILLUSTRIOUS-large-200x120.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/9-HMSILLUSTRIOUS-large-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/9-HMSILLUSTRIOUS-large-400x241.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/9-HMSILLUSTRIOUS-large.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><strong>HMS ILLUSTRIOUS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The deprivation of the aircraft carrier\u2019s fighters was a serious blow for the Mediterranean Fleet.\u00a0\u00a0As its C.I.C. narrates, the supremacy of the\u00a0Mediterranean\u00a0was threatened by a new weapon that was much more dangerous and efficient from all that the British had faced till then.\u00a0\u00a0The Italian Air force efforts were insignificant compared to the German Stuka attacks.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, in spite of the courage and the abilities of the German pilots, they were lacking experience in naval cooperation and were facing difficulties in reconnaissance and detection of naval targets.\u00a0\u00a0Thus, when on January 24, a general attack with 113 aircrafts was ordered against the British ships that had been reported off\u00a0Benghazi, they were unable to find their target.\u00a0\u00a0Another group of 25 aircrafts executed an attack, but without serious results.\u00a0\u00a0These latter ones lost contact between them and finally 12 reached\u00a0Benghazi\u00a0and 4 other were lost in the open sea.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the meantime, because of the unsuitability of the reconnaissance planes of the Italian Navy, the Italian and German Air Commands decide jointly to redistribute duties.\u00a0\u00a0The Navy\u2019s aircrafts was decided to limit their operation to coastal and short distance reconnaissance, while the Italian Air force would take over reconnaissance flights in\u00a0West Mediterranean\u00a0and over the supply routes to\u00a0Libya\u00a0and the German Air force the Central and\u00a0East Mediterranean.\u00a0\u00a0It was also decided that whenever possible during day light hours both Air forces would provide air protection to the most important convoys.\u00a0\u00a0It was however quite difficult for pilots that had no relative training to get used in reconnaissance of naval targets and to use the naval telecommunications system.\u00a0\u00a0As it results from later developments of operations, many mistakes and misunderstandings were due to such inexperience.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another lost opportunity for the Italians in February 1941 is also attributed to the lack of exact intelligence and to the bad organization of the cooperation between the Navy and the Air force.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3597","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>4.1 The German Air force of the Mediterranean - \u039d\u0391\u03a5\u0391\u03a1\u03a7\u039f\u03a3 \u0393\u03a1\u0397\u0393\u039f\u03a1\u0399\u039f\u03a3 \u039c\u0395\u0396\u0395\u0392\u0399\u03a1\u0397\u03a3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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