{"id":3584,"date":"2021-04-20T21:45:50","date_gmt":"2021-04-20T21:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/uncategorized\/3-6-aeronautiki-epixeirisi-tou-taranta\/"},"modified":"2021-05-24T08:59:52","modified_gmt":"2021-05-24T08:59:52","slug":"3-6-aeronautiki-epixeirisi-tou-taranta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/en\/the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945\/3-6-aeronautiki-epixeirisi-tou-taranta\/","title":{"rendered":"3.6 The aeronautic operation of Taranto"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:calc( 1300px + 0px );margin-left: calc(-0px \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-0px \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:20px;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:0px;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:20px;--awb-spacing-left-medium:0px;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-margin-top-small:4vw;--awb-spacing-right-small:0px;--awb-spacing-left-small:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1 mezeviris-post-content\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThis operation has been described so many times that any detailed description is not necessary.\u00a0\u00a0I will only present some points that prove the destructive results that can have the delay in taking the necessary measures of precaution.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To begin with, the success of this operation is due in great extent to the supply of Malta with a new type of reconnaissance planes of\u00a0<strong>R.A.F. (Glenn Martin)<\/strong>\u00a0that were much more suitable for the task of reconnaissance than the\u00a0<strong>Sunderland<\/strong>\u00a0airboats of the Navy.\u00a0\u00a0That way, reconnaissance succeeded in photographing and giving exact information on the formation of the enemy Fleet in his base.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2443 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/1-Sunderland-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" \/><strong>the Sunderland airboat\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">The operation was combined with the coverage of convoys towards Suda bay and Malta, with the main force of the British Fleet of Alexandria that included the aircraft carrier\u00a0<b>HMS ILLUSTRIOUS<\/b>\u00a0and with new reinforcements \u2013 the battleship\u00a0<b>HMS BARHAM<\/b>, 2 cruisers and 6 destroyers \u2013 that came through the Sicily Straits.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The British Fleet arrived safely off\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Malta<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">, in spite of being bombed by the Italian Air force that was following him, and was joined by the reinforcements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2444 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/2-HMSBarham-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"321\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/2-HMSBarham-large-200x145.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/2-HMSBarham-large-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/2-HMSBarham-large.jpg 321w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 321px) 100vw, 321px\" \/><strong>HMS ILLUSTRIOUS\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2445 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/3-HMSILLUSTRIOUS-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"120\" \/><strong>HMS BARHAM<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On\u00a0November 10, 1940\u00a0the Fleet took position west of the\u00a0Ionian Sea\u00a0islands at a distance of about 170 miles from\u00a0Taranto. From this position the aircraft carrier planes were going to be launched.\u00a0\u00a0In the afternoon of November 10, an air attack against the Fleet was successfully repelled by the aircraft carrier\u2019s fighters that also succeeded the following day to shoot down the Italian reconnaissance planes that were keeping contact.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is thus deducted that till the night of November 10 the Italians were aware of the enemy ship movements, the next day however \u2013the day the British force took position to launch the air attack- they had no information on the enemy movements because it seems that the downed reconnaissance planes hadn\u2019t had the time to send their reports.\u00a0\u00a0Thus, the British succeeded the surprise that was the main condition for the success of the attack.\u00a0\u00a0Otherwise it would have been natural and imposed for the Italian Fleet that disposed 5 battleships \u2013 of which 2 large \u2013 against 4 old of the British to clear the\u00a0harbor\u00a0of\u00a0Taranto\u00a0and fight.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is nevertheless strange that the presence of enemy ships has not been reported by the Italian submarines that should have been executing reconnaissance patrols in that area [40 miles west of the\u00a0island\u00a0of\u00a0Cephalonia], especially because of the on going intensive military transports in the\u00a0Adriatic Sea.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ahead of the main air attack of the night of November 11 \u2013 12, 2 bombers were sent to throw lighters\u00a0\u00a0to illuminate the targets and bombe the cruisers in the inner harbor, in order to attract there the attention of the anti aircraft defense.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2446 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/4-RNTrento-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"171\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/4-RNTrento-large-200x81.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/4-RNTrento-large-300x122.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/4-RNTrento-large-400x163.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/4-RNTrento-large.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><strong>R.N. TRENTO<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main attack followed in two waves of 12 aircrafts each that was targeting the 5 battleships in the external harbor.\u00a0\u00a0The battleship\u00a0<strong>LITTORIO<\/strong>\u00a0was hit with 3 torpedoes, the\u00a0<strong>DIULIO<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>CAVOUR<\/strong>\u00a0with one each and the cruiser\u00a0<strong>TRENTO<\/strong>\u00a0with a bomb that didn\u2019t explode.\u00a0\u00a0The British got these results with only the loss of 2 aircrafts and 4 airmen. In no encounter of ships could they be such difference of losses for the two opponents.\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/mezeviris\/aeraunoticoperationoftaranto\/captain-alfie-sutton\">Naval airman Sutton was the observer of a Swordfish torpedo bomber<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><strong>R.N. LITTORIO<\/strong><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2447 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-RNLittorio-large.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-RNLittorio-large-200x118.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-RNLittorio-large-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-RNLittorio-large-400x235.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/5-RNLittorio-large.jpg 420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">It was a really bright success for the British; its results weren\u2019t however as radical as initially believed.\u00a0\u00a0Although the inflicted damages were very serious, two of the three battleships that were hit were repaired much more sooner than expected.\u00a0\u00a0The battleship LITTORIO was ready for service before the end of March 1941 and DUILIO at around the middle of May of that same year.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">The CAVOUR had sunk and was re-floated but its repairs hadn\u2019t finished till the surrender of\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Italy<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2448 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/6-BattleshipContediCavour-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"133\" \/> <strong>R.N. CONTE DI CAVOUR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2449 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/7-CAIODIULIO-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"131\" \/><strong>R.N. CAIO DUILIO<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The British had succeeded total surprise especially because the Italian reconnaissance planes were not of a suitable type to face the aircraft carrier\u2019s fighters.\u00a0\u00a0However, the destructive results of the attack are due to a large extent to the insufficient protection with anti-torpedo nets of the Italian battleships.\u00a0\u00a0The Italian Navy had taken care 4 months earlier to order such nets for all the naval bases.\u00a0\u00a0However, for the\u00a0Taranto\u00a0naval base alone 13,000 meters were needed, while the monthly production of the industry was 3,500 meters only.\u00a0\u00a0The most serious was that these nets had been designed to protect against the then known types of torpedoes, covering the sides of the battleships up to their maximum draught.\u00a0\u00a0The British on the other hand had supplied their torpedoes with a firing device that functioned not only by hitting but also magnetically, when the torpedo was passing under the keel of the attacked ship.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After this mishap the Italians constructed nets that extended to the bottom of the sea and completely contained the protected ships.\u00a0\u00a0The strange thing however is that more than a year later the American Fleet in\u00a0<strong>Pearl Harbor<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>suffered terrible losses with such air torpedoes and two German cruisers suffered very serious damages in\u00a0<strong>Brest<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0Of course both were aware of what had happened in\u00a0Taranto.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another criticism that was made was that during the attack the Italians didn\u2019t use any searchlights and smoke screens to protect the naval base.\u00a0\u00a0For the smoke screen there was difference of opinions at that time: Many maintained that a smoke screen could do more harm than prove useful, because it is was too much of a bother to an anti-aircraft defense. Later, however, this type of protection prevailed because the results of night shooting were usually very poor and lots of ammunitions were used.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The\u00a0Taranto\u00a0operation brought up temporarily an important change in the strategic situation in the\u00a0Mediterranean.\u00a0\u00a0The Italians were left with only 2 battleships in action, the\u00a0<strong>VITTORIO VENETO<\/strong>\u00a0and the\u00a0<strong>GIULIO CESARE.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>The\u00a0<strong>DORIA<\/strong>\u00a0was still undergoing repairs.\u00a0\u00a0In order to protect the battleships that remained from similar attacks, the Italians moved them fro\u00a0Taranto\u00a0to\u00a0Naples, until the new nets were delivered.\u00a0\u00a0Thus they were sent away from the transport routes to\u00a0Greece\u00a0and although they could still enter the\u00a0Central Mediterranean\u00a0through the Messina Straits, their detection by the British reconnaissance was made easier. These Italian losses allowed\u00a0\u00a0the British to send to their Home Fleet 2 of the battleships of\u00a0Alexandria, the\u00a0<strong>HMS MALAYA\u00a0<\/strong>and the\u00a0\u00a0<strong>HMS RAMILLIES.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2450 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/8-HMSMalaya-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"114\" \/><strong>HMS MALAYA <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2451 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mezeviris.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/9-HMSRamillies-medium-init-.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" \/><strong>HMS RAMILLIES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On that same night of November 11-12, the Italians suffered one more blow in the\u00a0South Adriatic Sea.\u00a0\u00a0A formation made of 3 British cruisers and 2 destroyers met a convoy of 4 empty ships returning from Avlona to\u00a0Brindisi, escorted by 1 escort destroyer and 1 armed auxiliary ship.\u00a0\u00a0The British sunk all the cargo ships; the escorts escaped, one with heavy damages.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After these operations, the Italians were executing frequent patrols with cruisers, destroyers and torpedo boats in the approaches of the\u00a0Adriatic Sea\u00a0whenever they had information \u2013even vague- about enemy ship movements and in any event of important military convoys at sea.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3172,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[142],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-naval-war-of-the-mediterranean-1939-1945"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - 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